Who came from whom

Hippocratic writers and Galen (c. 400 BCE to c. 200 CE)

On the Nature of Man, c. 400 BCE

The four humours, and the four temperaments built on them.

In the library: Four temperaments

Epictetus (c. 50–135)

Enchiridion, c. 125

Stoic teacher: what troubles us is our view of things.

François de La Rochefoucauld (1613–1680)

Maxims, 1665

Saw vanity at work behind the virtues.

In the library: Amour-propre: self-love disguised as virtue (La Rochefoucauld)

Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)

The Concept of Anxiety, 1844

Anxiety as the dizziness of freedom, and despair.

In the library: Anxiety as the dizziness of freedom (Kierkegaard), Despair: not willing to be oneself (Kierkegaard)

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, 1872

Emotions as shared, inherited expressions.

In the library: Basic emotions

Jean-Martin Charcot (1825–1893)

Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System, 1877

Studied hysteria at the Salpêtrière in Paris.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900)

On the Genealogy of Morality, 1887

Ressentiment, slave morality and the will to power.

In the library: Ressentiment (Nietzsche), Will to power (Nietzsche), Master and slave morality (Nietzsche), Resentment

Pierre Janet (1859–1947)

Psychological Automatism, 1889

Dissociation and trauma.

Learned from Jean-Martin Charcot. Janet studied under Charcot at the Salpêtrière.

In the library: Dissociation (including depersonalisation and derealisation), Trauma (big T and small t)

William James (1842–1910)

The Principles of Psychology, 1890

The self, habit and self-esteem.

In the library: Self-esteem

Josef Breuer (1842–1925)

Studies on Hysteria (with Freud), 1895

The talking cure, with his patient Anna O.

In the library: Repression

Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)

The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900

Founded psychoanalysis: the unconscious, defences, transference.

Learned from Jean-Martin Charcot. Freud studied with Charcot in Paris in 1885 and 1886.

Learned from Josef Breuer. Worked with Freud on the case of Anna O. and wrote Studies on Hysteria with him.

In the library: The unconscious, Id, ego, superego, Defence mechanisms (Vaillant's hierarchy), Repression, Transference, Repetition compulsion, Healthy narcissism, Narcissistic injury, Psychological entitlement, Narcissistic personality disorder, Obsessive-compulsive personality (OCPD), Masochistic (self-defeating) character, Depressive character, Projection, Idealisation, Acting out, Displacement, Reaction formation, Isolation of affect, Undoing, Regression, Turning against the self, Sublimation, Humour (as a mature defence), Suppression, Harsh superego (inner critic), Ego ideal, Countertransference, Oedipal dynamics, Primary and secondary gain, Resistance, Fear versus anxiety, Generalised anxiety

Alfred Adler (1870–1937)

The Neurotic Constitution, 1912

Individual psychology: inferiority, striving, social interest.

Learned from Sigmund Freud. A member of Freud’s circle from 1902 until he left in 1911.

In the library: Inferiority complex (Adler), Striving for superiority and the superiority complex (Adler), Social interest (Adler)

Melanie Klein (1882–1960)

The Psycho-Analysis of Children, 1932

Object relations: splitting, envy, projective identification.

Built on Sigmund Freud. Trained by two of Freud’s circle, Ferenczi and Abraham, then went further than Freud.

In the library: Hypomanic (manic) character, Projective identification, Devaluation, Omnipotent control, Manic defence, Object relations, Paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions (Klein), Envy, Panic

Anna Freud (1895–1982)

The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence, 1936

Set out the defences in The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence.

Learned from Sigmund Freud. His daughter, trained in psychoanalysis by him.

In the library: Intellectualisation, Altruism (as a defence)

Karen Horney (1885–1952)

Our Inner Conflicts, 1945

Moving toward, against and away from people, and the tyranny of the shoulds.

Built on Sigmund Freud. Trained in Freud’s method in Berlin, then challenged his view of women and culture.

In the library: Should statements, Horney's three neurotic trends (toward, against, away)

Donald Winnicott (1896–1971)

Playing and Reality, 1971

The good-enough parent and the false self.

Learned from Melanie Klein. Klein supervised him in the 1930s, and he later went his own way.

In the library: Good-enough parenting (Winnicott), False self (Winnicott)

Wilfred Bion (1897–1979)

Experiences in Groups, 1961

Containment, and the hidden assumptions of groups.

Learned from Melanie Klein. Analysed by Klein after the Second World War.

In the library: Containment (Bion), Basic assumption groups (Bion)

Fritz Riemann (1902–1979)

Grundformen der Angst, 1961

Four basic forms of anxiety.

Built on Sigmund Freud. A German analyst working in Freud’s tradition.

In the library: Riemann's four basic forms of anxiety

Heinz Kohut (1913–1981)

The Analysis of the Self, 1971

Self psychology: mirroring, idealising, narcissistic rage.

Built on Sigmund Freud. Trained as a Freudian analyst, then built self psychology.

In the library: Grandiose narcissism, Narcissistic rage, Selfobject needs: mirroring, idealising, twinship (Kohut)

Otto Kernberg (b. 1928)

Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism, 1975

Levels of personality organisation, and the structure of borderline and narcissistic personalities.

Built on Melanie Klein. Built on Klein’s object relations.

In the library: Levels of personality organisation (Kernberg), Grandiose narcissism

Carl Jung (1875–1961)

Psychological Types, 1921

Analytical psychology: complexes, archetypes, the shadow, psychological types.

Learned from Sigmund Freud. Worked closely with Freud from 1907 and broke with him in 1913.

Learned from Pierre Janet. Jung studied with Janet in Paris in 1902.

In the library: Shadow, Persona, Anima and animus, Individuation, Complex (Jungian), Inflation (ego inflation), Archetypes, Jungian cognitive functions, Introversion and extraversion (Jung's original sense)

Isabel Briggs Myers (1897–1980)

Gifts Differing, 1980

With her mother, Katharine Briggs, built the MBTI from Jung’s types.

Built on Carl Jung. Built the MBTI on Jung’s Psychological Types.

In the library: Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

Hans Eysenck (1916–1997)

Dimensions of Personality, 1947

Measured introversion, extraversion and neuroticism as traits.

Built on Carl Jung. Took Jung’s introversion and extraversion and measured them as a trait.

Built on Hippocratic writers and Galen. Eysenck set the four temperaments on his two dimensions, neuroticism and extraversion.

In the library: Neuroticism, Extraversion

Paul Costa and Robert McCrae (1980s)

NEO Personality Inventory, 1985

Built the NEO questionnaires that made the Big Five standard.

Built on Hans Eysenck. Their questionnaires began from Eysenck’s neuroticism and extraversion.

In the library: Big Five (Five-Factor Model), Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness

Michael Ashton and Kibeom Lee (2000s)

The H Factor of Personality, 2012

Added honesty-humility as a sixth factor: HEXACO.

Built on Paul Costa and Robert McCrae. HEXACO adds a sixth factor to the Big Five.

In the library: HEXACO model, Honesty-humility

Jean Piaget (1896–1980)

The Origins of Intelligence in Children, 1936

Stages of how children come to think.

In the library: Piaget's stages of cognitive development

Erik Erikson (1902–1994)

Childhood and Society, 1950

Eight stages of a life, and the identity crisis.

Learned from Anna Freud. Analysed by Anna Freud and trained in Vienna.

In the library: Erikson's psychosocial stages

James Marcia (b. 1937)

Ego-identity status, 1966

Four identity statuses, from Erikson’s identity stage.

Built on Erik Erikson. Turned Erikson’s identity stage into four statuses that could be measured.

In the library: Identity diffusion, Identity foreclosure, Identity moratorium, Identity achievement

John Bowlby (1907–1990)

Attachment, 1969

Attachment theory and internal working models.

Learned from Melanie Klein. Klein supervised his training. He turned from her focus on fantasy to what really happened to children.

In the library: Attachment theory, Internal working model, Protest behaviour, Counterdependence (devaluing one's own need)

Mary Ainsworth (1913–1999)

Patterns of Attachment, 1978

The Strange Situation and the first attachment styles.

Learned from John Bowlby. Joined Bowlby’s research unit in London, then tested his ideas.

In the library: Secure attachment, Anxious-preoccupied attachment, Dismissive-avoidant attachment

Robert Kegan (b. 1946)

The Evolving Self, 1982

Orders of mind across adult life.

Built on Jean Piaget. Built his orders of mind on Piaget’s stages.

In the library: Subject-object shift (Kegan), Socialised mind, Self-authoring mind, Self-transforming mind

Mary Main (1943–2023)

The Adult Attachment Interview, 1985

Disorganised attachment and the Adult Attachment Interview.

Learned from Mary Ainsworth. One of Ainsworth’s first doctoral students.

In the library: Disorganised attachment, Earned security, Hyperactivating strategies, Deactivating strategies

Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)

A Theory of Human Motivation, 1943

The hierarchy of needs and self-actualisation.

Learned from Alfred Adler. Adler was one of his mentors in New York.

In the library: Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

On Becoming a Person, 1961

Conditions of worth and the person-centred view.

In the library: Conditions of worth (Rogers), Incongruence (Rogers)

Eric Berne (1910–1970)

Games People Play, 1964

Transactional analysis: ego states, games, scripts.

Learned from Erik Erikson. Berne studied under Erikson from 1947 to 1949.

In the library: Ego states: Parent, Adult, Child (Transactional Analysis), Psychological games (Berne), Life script

Stephen Karpman (b. 1942)

Fairy Tales and Script Drama Analysis, 1968

The drama triangle.

Learned from Eric Berne. Karpman did postgraduate study under Berne, who urged him to publish the triangle.

In the library: Drama triangle (persecutor, victim, rescuer)

Aaron Beck (1921–2021)

Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders, 1976

Cognitive therapy: automatic thoughts and distortions.

Built on Sigmund Freud. Trained as a psychoanalyst, tested its ideas on depression, and left them for cognitive therapy.

Built on Epictetus. Beck traced cognitive therapy’s philosophical origins to the Stoics.

In the library: Cognitive distortions (overview), All-or-nothing thinking, Mind reading, Personalisation, Overgeneralisation, Emotional reasoning, Mental filter

David Burns (b. 1942)

Feeling Good, 1980

Feeling Good and the popular list of ten distortions.

Learned from Aaron Beck. An early student of Beck’s.

In the library: Emotional reasoning, Labelling, Discounting the positive

Jeffrey Young (b. 1950)

Reinventing Your Life, 1993

Schema therapy: early maladaptive schemas and modes.

Learned from Aaron Beck. Postdoctoral study with Beck.

In the library: Early maladaptive schemas and coping styles (Young), Abandonment/instability schema, Mistrust/abuse schema, Emotional deprivation schema, Defectiveness/shame schema, Social isolation/alienation schema, Dependence/incompetence schema, Vulnerability to harm or illness schema, Enmeshment/undeveloped self schema, Failure schema, Entitlement/grandiosity schema, Insufficient self-control schema, Subjugation schema, Self-sacrifice schema, Approval-seeking/recognition-seeking schema, Negativity/pessimism schema, Emotional inhibition schema, Unrelenting standards/hypercriticalness schema, Punitiveness schema, Schema modes

Marsha Linehan (b. 1943)

Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder, 1993

Dialectical behaviour therapy, invalidation and emotional dysregulation.

Built on Aaron Beck. DBT began as cognitive behaviour therapy, adapted with acceptance and Zen practice.

In the library: Invalidation, Emotional dysregulation

Murray Bowen (1913–1990)

Family Therapy in Clinical Practice, 1978

Family systems: differentiation, triangles, cutoff.

In the library: Differentiation of self (Bowen), Emotional cutoff, Pursuer-distancer (demand-withdraw), Triangulation, Over-functioning and under-functioning, Fusion versus intimacy

Salvador Minuchin (1921–2017)

Families and Family Therapy, 1974

Structural family therapy: boundaries and enmeshment.

In the library: Enmeshment, Boundaries

John Gottman (b. 1942)

The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, 1999

Couples research: the four horsemen, bids and repair.

In the library: Emotional flooding, Four horsemen (Gottman), Stonewalling, Bids for connection, Repair attempts

G. I. Gurdjieff (1866?–1949)

Beelzebub’s Tales to His Grandson, 1950

Taught the nine-pointed figure as a symbol of process, and the chief feature.

In the library: Enneagram (overview)

P. D. Ouspensky (1878–1947)

In Search of the Miraculous, 1949

Wrote down Gurdjieff’s teaching in In Search of the Miraculous.

Learned from G. I. Gurdjieff. Studied with Gurdjieff from 1915.

Oscar Ichazo (1931–2020)

Founded the Arica School, 1968

Joined nine personality types to Gurdjieff’s figure.

Built on G. I. Gurdjieff. Took Gurdjieff’s figure and attached personality types to it.

In the library: Enneagram Type 1: Reformer, Enneagram Type 2: Helper, Enneagram Type 3: Achiever, Enneagram Type 4: Individualist, Enneagram Type 5: Investigator, Enneagram Type 6: Loyalist, Enneagram Type 7: Enthusiast, Enneagram Type 8: Challenger, Enneagram Type 9: Peacemaker, Enneagram instinctual variants

Claudio Naranjo (1932–2019)

Character and Neurosis, 1994

Brought the types into psychology as character portraits.

Learned from Oscar Ichazo. Studied with Ichazo in Chile in 1970.